25 D. Held, Models of Democracy (1996), at 353, where he makes the important distinction between forms of accountability in general and democracy in particular, which is both a form of accountability and a form Supporters of the bombings generally believe that they prevented an invasion of the Japanese mainland, saving more lives than they took by doing so. Where S in W1 engages in the same action (E) as S in W2 then this is sufficient to ascribe moral responsibility to S in either world.Footnote 3In short, we have available to us the means of ascribing moral responsibility even where S could not have done otherwise. FF: if he identifies, is wholeheartedly committed, it doesn't matter where it came from. As long as nuclear bombs remain scarce (i.e. We have to be careful, of course, about how such a description is formally presented. To illustrate: In twin world scenarios, all must be equal apart from the one thing that distinguishes each world from the other which, in this case, is the presence or absence of alternate possibilities. Responsibility and inevitability. An example of this would be a form of Sophies choice whereby S is ordered at gun point to kill one of his two children. . Third parties promote the concerns of special-interest groups. A person that can only act on strongest desire at the time. In 1962 Franck was the only artist invited to draw all four sessions of . The scientific facts on which construction is based are well known to scientists of other countries. Recall: PAP(s): A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. Explain the importance of each term, person, or place: proletariat; soviet; Cheka; commissar. It hardly needs stressing that we as scientists believe that any systems of control envisaged should leave as much freedom for the peacetime development of nucleonics as is consistent with the safety of the world. Princeton University student: Conservatives are being shut down before they can even voice an opinion. Le Corbusiers opinions of technology during his time continue to ring eerily true today. Just because a potential enemy will be afraid of being "outnumbered and outgunned," the temptation for him may be overwhelming to attempt a sudden unprovoked blow -- particularly if he should suspect us of harboring aggressive intentions against his security or his sphere of influence. . In J. Jordan, & D. Howard-Snyder (Eds. German scientists, in whose discoveries the whole development of this field originated, apparently did not develop it during the war to the same extent to which this has been done in America: but to the last day of the European war, we were living in constant apprehension as to their possible achievements. Analysis, 61(4), 335340. Palmer, D. (2011). Correspondence to Opponents contend, among other arguments, that the bombings were unnecessary to win the war or that they constituted a war crime or genocide. But if you look at their . In 1923, the Journal was incorporated in the State of New York under its present name. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. During that year, the international Jean Piaget Society was formed, and the society, as well as Piaget's influence, endure. "For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences.". What is collective representation? Moreover, with the addition of the twin word condition, which I have argued is likewise sufficient for an ascription of moral responsibility, we are able to account for why Jones should be held morally accountable. Fischer, J. M. (2002). Answer: Explanation: Background In 1938, a small group of German scientists accidentally discovered nuclear fission. Schnall, I. M. (2001). We hope that the creation of the Committee by the Secretary of War to deal with all aspects of nucleonics, indicates that these implications have been recognized by the government. An agent is morally responsible for performing a given act A only if he or she could have done otherwise. Where S engages in action E, if (a) and (b) are satisfied then S is morally responsible for E. Stating this does not negate the possibility that S could still be held morally responsible for E, however, even where (a) and/or (b) fail to be satisfied, should another sufficient condition (as yet unspecified) be met. Most arguments for God's existence start from something we observe in the world that logically infer God as the cause of these observable effects (e.g. What is Kane's "Indeterministic worlds" objection to the FF case? 24 The Empowered Self, at 265-267. Zagzebski, L. (2000). Ginet, C., & Palmer, D. (2010). Yet, in the twin world condition, the role played by alternate possibilities is not one of being available to S, such that he could have done other than he did on a particular occasion (as required by PAP(s) and W2), because, of course, they are not available. The Journal of Philosophy The Role of History in Franck's Fairness931 20 Ibid, at 86. Why is the prisoner example ultimately not convincing? This might be all the time we would have to bring about the relocation of our population and industry. "For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent.". The legitimacy of Frankfurts challenge to PAP as necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility has been debated extensively over the years. The twin world condition: Where Ss action E in world W1 (a world without alternate possibilities, owing to the possibility of intervention) and Ss action E in twin world W2 (which differs from W1 only insofar as it is a world with alternate possibilities) are congruent then S in either world is morally responsible for E. PAP(s) is not necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility because moral responsibility could still be ascribed to S even where S could not have done otherwise, as the twin world condition illustrates. The best possible atmosphere for the achievement of an international agreement could be achieved if America could say to the world, "You see what sort of a weapon we had but did not use. You'll now receive updates based on what you follow! The manner in which alternate possibilities are presented differs, though, within each of the sufficient conditions discussed. answer choices. For those unfamiliar with Frankfurts original and much cited counter-example to PAP, it reads as follows: Suppose someone Black, let us say wants Jones to perform a certain action. The Founders agreed that all personsnot just citizensmust be included in the representation base for members of Congress. On the other hand, it may be argued that without an early demonstration it may prove difficult to obtain adequate support for further intensive development of nucleonics in this country and that thus the time gained by the postponement of an open armaments race will not be properly used. Then, underline twice the verb in parentheses that agrees in number with the collective noun. How does he respond to the claim that the brainwasher is responsible for cult-man's actions (Principle of Transfer)? But the ontological argument starts, not with what we observe, but with the very idea of God and says that this idea entails that . This further condition which I am calling twin world explains why we are still justified in assigning moral responsibility to an agent who fails to satisfy PAP in the manner described within Frankfurts counter-example. The interview captured many facets of Piaget's remarkable career: his roots in epistemology and natural history; his interests in the underlying processes of . Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility. Frankfurt/Watson need a principled distinction here. It could be suggested that the danger of destruction by nuclear weapons can be avoided -- at least as far as this country is concerned -- either by keeping our discoveries secret for an indefinite time, or else by developing our nuclear armaments at such a pace that no other nations would think of attacking us from fear of overwhelming retaliation. The disagreement began on January 3, 1932, when Le Corbusier published an article in The Times which ran under the title A Noted Architect Dissects Our Cities Le Corbusier Indicts Them as Cataclysms and Describes His Ideal Metropolis. Discussing cities like Paris, New York, and Chicago, Le Corbusier explains his vision for what we know today as Ville Radieuse, which he calls in the article the Green City. Such an agreement would also create a system of verification and disarmament that would prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and reduce the risk of nuclear war. By taking opposite paths to the solution, the public was left with an abundance of ideas for solving problems, and future generations were able to pick and choose the best ideas from both plans. One may point out that scientists themselves have initiated the development of this "secret weapon" and it is therefore strange that they should be reluctant to try it out on the enemy as soon as it is available. In the scenario above, involving Jones and the counterfactual intervener, Black or even in similar Frankfurt-style scenarios arguably clauses (a) and (b) are violated. Agency without avoidability: defusing a new threat to Frankfurts counterexample strategy. Example 1. The two did not, however, see eye to eye in their visions for the future of American cities and civilization. Third parties help bridge the gap between state and federal legislators. No paper agreement can be sufficient since neither this or any other nation can stake its whole existence on trust in other nations' signatures. As a role for alternate possibilities is necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility, and as different forms of this role are inherent within the two sufficient conditions described above, what is necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility is that one of these aforementioned sufficient conditions is satisfied. Can you cite any examples where R2P has been or should be implemented? However, such a quantitative advantage in reserves of bottled destructive power will not make us safe from sudden attack. The twin world condition is likewise not necessary because one may not be required to compare Ss action in W1 with W2, owing to the fact that S is not performing E in a world without alternate possibilities (e.g., W2); in which case, PAP(s) applies. Neither Le Corbusier nor Frank Lloyd Wright could truly be said to have won the argument played out in the 1930s newspaper, as both got some ideas right and many wrong. What this means is that alternate possibilities are necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility but not necessarily in the form by which one could have acted otherwise on a given occasion, as the original formulation of PAP demands. Whatever E happens to be, it is congruent across the different worlds within each respective scenario: E is congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 1 and congruent across W1 and W2 within scenario 2. Do you agree that under certain circumstances, R2P should override sovereignty? 22 Ibid, at 124, 126-127. Blumenfeld, D. (1971). Why, according to Kane, does this example fail to show what Dennett thinks it shows?, Frankfurt Examples. I therefore seek to distinguish between alternative possibilities in the form of the alleged necessity of being able to do otherwise on a given occasion, which S cannot satisfy in Frankfurt-style scenarios, and which I do not consider to be necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility (although, to reiterate, I accept it is sufficient), and the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition. Harry Frankfurt describes the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) as follows: A person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise (Frankfurt 1969, p.829; emphasis added). Question 38 options: For the ascription of moral responsibility, it is my contention that it is not necessary that S could have done otherwise, as required by PAP in its original formulation. Philosophical Studies, 166, 553573. Young, G. (2007). Thus, Jones cannot satisfy (a). Enough to make our 1st order desire free, but is it enough to explain responsibility. Many upcoming theories claim that in addition to knowing the current state of the agent/choice, we also need to know the way that her current state came about. Voltaire supposedly kept up his prodigious output by spending up to 18 hours a day writing or dictating to secretaries, often while still in bed. A number of theorists have concerned themselves with the question of whether alternate possibilities nevertheless remain amounting to a flicker of freedom (Fischer 2002) and therefore whether Frankfurt-style counter-examples in general constitute a legitimate challenge to PAP (see Fischer 1994; Janzen 2013; Leon and Tognazzini 2010; Palmer 2011; Schnall 2001; Young 2007, by way of a small selection of papers on this). Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). The Journal of Philosophy was founded in 1904 as The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods by Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. Accumulations of this kind could be rapidly converted into atomic bombs if a nation should break away from international control. And that's the way . Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors, offices and users. in 1952 and an LL.B. Example 1. 13. The answer to the first suggestion is that although we undoubtedly are at present ahead of the rest of the world in this field, the fundamental facts of nuclear power are a subject of common knowledge. In the original Frankfurt paper, Jones is written as Jones4, owing the fact that at previous points in his paper, Frankfurt had discussed other versions of Jones (Jones 13). As Engels points out, the ten-point program outlined here is very conservative and preliminary, and would have been much more developed had the Manifesto been written later. Her doves names are Juliette, Musetta, and Luigi. b) the universe, morality, well-ordered laws of nature, etc.). rock creek ranch bc contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. Putting all of this together, we can now see how each sufficient condition contains a different form of, and therefore a different role for, alternate possibilities. Robinson, M. (2012). In 2008, about ten years after Freire's death, in a special issue of the Journal of Thought dedicated to his ideas, for example, Cal State education professor A. Dee Williams has used the book . Alternative possibilities and causal histories. (a) Describe: How does the father react to the stranger's request to look around? In R. Kane (Ed. Russia, and even allied countries which bear less mistrust of our ways and intentions, as well as neutral countries may be deeply shocked by this step. The amounts of ore taken out of the ground at different locations could be controlled by resident agents of the international Control Board, and each nation could be allotted only an amount which would make large-scale separation of fissionable isotopes impossible. If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first demonstration, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. Although important tactical results undoubtedly can be achieved by a sudden introduction of nuclear weapons, we nevertheless think that the question of the use of the very first available atomic bombs in the Japanese war should be weighed very carefully, not only by military authorities, but by the highest political leadership of this country. The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. d) On mele and Robbs indeterministic Frankfurt-style case. No two are alike, not even a tiny bit. One might even say that the presence of a counterfactual intervener means that the environment does not enable alternate possibilities; so (b) is not satisfied. Rjwala is your freely social learning platform. Did Peter become the new captain\underline{\text{captain}}captain of the team? Article Amenities are spread along the highways and homes are nestled in parks and gardens and small farms, all surrounded by beautiful natural landscapes; Wright argues that 1,000 people to the hectare (2.47 acres) is looking not so far ahead. Fischer, J. M., & Ravizza, M. (1991). A postponement of such a demonstration will have in this case the advantage of delaying the beginning of the nuclear armaments race as long as possible. The Journal of Philosophywas founded in 1904 asThe Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methodsby Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. Instead it has harnessed us to itself and plunged us into slavery, he wrote.