As droughts and POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. (1972). The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. NRA in 1986. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Ceremonies. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of interpolity interactions at the county level. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. Even in this . Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. [CDATA[ Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. The n, Mende [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. This term then Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." These guns brought [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. - CORE Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This has continued in various guises ever since. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Hunting tracts are owned by clans. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. of as dialects of Acholi. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. against the central government. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Medicine. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Jur Alur Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Corrections? The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the southern part of the country relatively young. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Inheritance. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Location. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. (February 23, 2023). Occasional Paper no. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. majority peasant population. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The Acholi of Uganda. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) . Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Political Organization. Land Tenure. He was defeated in January 1986. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. Social Control. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. B. K. (1994). While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Religious Practitioners. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and . many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. "Acholi 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them Figure 5. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and We hope you find it interesting. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. (1976). Kasozi, A. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people into the independence era. M.A. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 1679-1914." Conflict. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Apoko, Anna (1967). This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development.